Australia: With effect from 20 September 2025, serious vilification is a criminal offence in Victoria, carrying penalties of up to five years’ imprisonment. The reforms criminalise serious vilification and extend to vilification on the basis of race, religious belief or activity, disability, gender identity, sex, sexual orientation or sex characteristics, and a personal association with anyone who has any of these attributes. Employers may be liable if unlawful conduct is found to have occurred in their workplace with officers being held personally liable if they permit or are complicit in that conduct.